« Allez et annoncez la paix » : Petite histoire de la mission des Franciscains

Missions des Franciscains, printemps 2024, vol. 101, no. 1

Fr. Vincenzo Brocanelli, o.f.m.


« Voilà ce que je veux, voilà ce que je cherche, ce que du plus profond de mon cœur, je brûle d’accomplir ! » C’est ainsi que François d’Assise s’exclamait avec enthousiasme, après avoir écouté et compris le passage de l’évangile qui parle de l’envoi en mission des 72 disciples par Jésus. C’était un jour d’automne 1208, dans la petite église de la Portioncule, et François cherchait à découvrir ce que le Seigneur voulait de lui. Il avait déjà entendu la voix du Crucifié, à Saint-Damien, qui lui avait presque ordonné : « François, va, répare ma maison qui, comme tu vois, tombe en ruines. » À ce moment-là, environ un an auparavant, le jeune d’Assise avait compris qu’il devait restaurer les murs de la petite église anonyme de campagne.

Le frère Raymond, o.f.m., à Mogo dans un camp de réfugiés qui fuient la guerre en République démocratique du Congo. Photo : OFM-Congo

Le frère Raymond, o.f.m., à Mogo dans un camp de réfugiés qui fuient la guerre en République démocratique du Congo.

Photo : OFM-Congo

Maintenant, à la Portioncule, un monde nouveau se révélait à son esprit et à son regard de foi, un horizon bien plus large et entièrement neuf pour sa vie : être un vrai disciple de Jésus signifiait être en même temps « missionnaire », témoin et porte-parole du Maître. Et cette révélation l’enthousiasma tellement qu’elle le fit crier de joie. « Il se dévêtit immédiatement, des pieds aux souliers – écrit son premier biographe – quitta son bâton, ne garda qu’une tunique et mit autour de sa taille une corde de ceinture » (Celano, Vita prima 22), et s’en alla sur les chemins d’Assise. C’est ainsi que commença l’aventure missionnaire de saint François d’Assise et de ses disciples, les Frères Mineurs, qui sont allés sur tous les continents et dans toutes les cultures, et cela jusqu’à nos jours.

Aux premiers compagnons d’aventure évangélique qui s’unirent à lui, François affirmait : « Frères très chers, considérons notre vocation. Dieu, dans sa miséricorde, nous a appelés non seulement pour notre salut mais aussi pour celui de beaucoup d’autres. » (Légende des trois Compagnons 36) Et quand la première fraternité franciscaine eut atteint le nombre de huit, François réunit ses compagnons, « et après leur avoir parlé longuement du Royaume de Dieu, les divisa en quatre groupes de deux chacun et leur dit : Allez, mes bien-aimés, deux à deux sur les routes du monde et annoncez aux hommes la paix et la pénitence pour la rémission des péchés. (Celano, Vita prima 29).

Certains se dirigèrent vers la marche d’Ancône, d’autres vers la vallée de Rieti, d’autres vers Florence et à d’autres endroits et villes d’Italie. Mais l’envoi du Seigneur et le désir ardent de François ne connaissaient pas de limites. Ainsi, au Chapitre de 1217, François envoya d’autres frères en mission dans diverses régions d’Europe. Frère Égide s’en fut en Tunisie, Frère Élie en Syrie, François lui-même s’achemina vers la France, sans cependant y arriver. D’autres allèrent vers l’Allemagne où ils eurent de tristes aventures et furent même bastonnés et incarcérés à cause de leur comportement sans malice, qui leur faisait répondre en allemand « Ja-Ja » à chaque question ou demande même dangereuse, qui se présentait. « Les Frères voyant qu’ils ne pourraient pas avoir de succès en Allemagne, retournèrent en Italie.» (Giordano de Giano, Chronique no. 5).

Au Chapitre de Pentecôte en 1219, on se décida pour de nouvelles expéditions en Allemagne et en France, ensuite en Hongrie, en Espagne, en Angleterre, et finalement outremer, au Maroc et en Palestine. L’audace évangélique de François poussait les Frères à aller toujours plus loin jusqu’à dépasser les frontières et les barrières de la chrétienté médiévale.

Cinq frères partirent au Maroc et, quelques mois après, furent tués à Marrakech, donnant à l’Église les Protomartyrs franciscains (janvier 1220). François qui, par deux fois déjà, avait tenté de s’acheminer vers le Maroc et la Syrie mais en était toujours empêché – « par disposition divine » diront ses biographes – se risqua une troisième fois et rejoignit la cinquième croisade qui se déroulait autour de Jérusalem. Le Poverello n’y allait pas avec des épées et des lances, mais seulement avec l’arme de l’Évangile qui émanait de sa vie en vue d’en faire l’annonce et de transmettre la paix. Son désir le plus intime était de pouvoir convertir le sultan musulman et recevoir l’honneur du martyre pour l’amour de Jésus qui s’était entièrement livré pour lui. Mais, encore une fois, le projet de Dieu était différent de celui de François.

Rencontre entre François d’Assise et le Sultan Malik-el-Kamil en 1219.

Photo : OFM

Rencontre entre François d’Assise et le Sultan Malik-el-Kamil en 1219. Photo : OFM

Arrivé à Damiette, non sans difficultés ni quelques péripéties pour entrer et sortir des deux campements, chrétien et musulman, François fut amené devant le grand sultan Malik-el-Kamil. C’était probablement un jour de septembre 1219. Il se présenta comme un envoyé du « Dieu Très- Haut », ce même Dieu que le sultan respectait. Celui-ci, homme ouvert et observant l’hospitalité musulmane, l’accueillit « avec courtoisie ». François se déclara chrétien et exposa sa foi personnelle en Jésus-Christ, partagea son expérience religieuse avec grande « force d’âme » et « ferveur d’esprit », racontent les biographes. Le sultan l’écouta « avec plaisir » et aurait voulu aussi prolonger le dialogue avec cet homme venu d’une autre religion et d’un autre monde. Entre-temps, François observait aussi le sultan et découvrait progressivement en lui un « croyant », un homme qui priait cinq fois par jour, et non pas un simple fils du diable ! Et le Sultan, à son tour, découvrait en François un grand homme de foi, l’appelait à part, lui demandait de « prier pour lui », lui offrait des « signes de faveur » et des « dons riches et nombreux » pour ses pauvres. François refusa au nom de la sainte pauvreté et de la liberté évangélique, repartit et traversa de nouveau les deux campements. Il y eut de l’admiration envers lui chez les croisés, et il semble que certains d’entre eux devinrent franciscains à la suite de ce témoignage de François.

Mais le sultan ne se convertit pas au christianisme et François ne reçut pas la couronne du martyre. Cette première mission franciscaine fut donc un insuccès ?

Eh bien non ! Nous devons reconnaître qu’à Damiette s’est réalisé un grand miracle : la rencontre entre deux personnes diverses par la culture et la religion, entre deux personnes qui étaient l’expression de deux mondes en conflit, le miracle de la rencontre advenue sur « la rive de l’autre » dans le respect de la diversité, le dialogue courtois, l’amour gratuit.

L’expérience de la rencontre entre François et le Sultan contient une dynamique originale qui en fait un modèle, l’icône exemplaire de la mission franciscaine. Dans une époque caractérisée par des orientations totalement opposées, François fut le premier à savoir construire un « pont » entre l’occident chrétien et le monde arabe musulman. Et cette expérience clarifia beaucoup de choses pour François. Retourné en Italie, il fit mettre par écrit sa vision de la mission évangélique de paix parmi les non-chrétiens au chapitre 16 de la 1ère Règle de 1221, qui sera reprise au chapitre 12 de la Règle définitive de 1223, en en faisant la première « règle missionnaire » d’un institut religieux dans l’histoire de l’Église.

François mourut le soir du 3 octobre 1226, auprès de la Portioncule, d’où il était parti pour la nouvelle mission évangélique. Mais le chemin était désormais tracé et le style « missionnaire » destiné à ses fils et à ses enfants était codifié.

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À propos de l'auteur

Le Bureau des Missions des Franciscains de la Province St-Esprit du Canada éveille et développe l’esprit missionnaire sur le territoire de la Province auprès des frères et du public en général ; fait la promotion des projets missionnaires auprès des frères de la Province et du grand public ; anime l’Union Missionnaire Franciscaine (U.M.F.). L’U.M.F. regroupe des personnes qui s’engagent à soutenir d’une manière régulière les efforts d’évangélisation missionnaire de l’Ordre des Frères Mineurs ; édite la revue Missions des Franciscains et d’autres publications qui sensibilisent et suscitent des réflexions sur les missions des franciscains et les missions en général.

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